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Number of manuscripts of the bible3/18/2023 ![]() Braginsky Collection Codex Hilleli copy, 1241 Toledo, Spain (housed at Jewish Theological Seminary, New York).Second Gaster Bible in the British Library, 11th-12th centuries.448 of the Vatican Library, with Targum Onkelos, dated 11–12 century Scroll 2, dated CE 1155-1255, University of Bologna Library.Codex Reuchlinanus (Prophets), dated 1105 CE.Codex Yerushalmi, lost, reportedly used in Spain (circa 1010) by Jonah ibn Janah.First Gaster Bible in the British Library, 10th century.Codex Leningradensis (complete), copied from a Ben Asher manuscript, dated 1008 CE, written in Cairo, now deposited at Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg this manuscript is the basis of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and other editions and is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew.Aleppo Codex, 930 CE, written in Tiberias, now deposited at Israel Museum in Jerusalem (was complete, supposedly pointed by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, partially missing since 1958) this manuscript is the basis of the Jerusalem Crown bible.Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus (Latter Prophets), dated 916 CE, Russian National Library.It is the oldest manuscript bearing the date of its writing written in Tiberias, subsequently was in Cairo, now deposited at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Codex Cairensis (Prophets), pointed by Moses Ben Asher, dated by a colophon 895 CE, contradicted by radiocarbon dating, which indicated an 11th-century date.Codex Orientales 4445, also known as "London Codex", containing Genesis-Deuteronomy 1:33 (less Numbers 7:47–73 and Numbers 9:12–10:18).The London Manuscript and the Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript, the latter also known as the "Ashkar-Gilson Hebrew Manuscript #2", both from the same scroll, dated to the 7th or 8th century.Ben Asher Manuscripts, including several of those listed here-below (see Kahle).Codex Muggeh (or Muga ="corrected"), lost, cited as a source in Masoretic notations.Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of circa 600 CE, destroyed in 1197 in Spain, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature.Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd-10th century) Severus Scroll (named for the Roman Emperor who restored this scroll, reportedly seized from the Temple in Jerusalem, to the Jewish community in 220), a lost manuscript of early 1st century CE, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature.Masorah manuscripts Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century) 1.2 Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd-10th century).1.1 Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century).The oldest complete Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-dated to around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition. Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. Ĭodex Leningradensis is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. ![]() The largest organized collection of Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts in the world is housed in the Russian National Library ("Second Firkovitch Collection") in Saint Petersburg. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963–1965. There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. ![]() In the old synagogue in Cairo were discovered 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts, 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts. The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–1894) published a list of 731 manuscripts. The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, made by Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783) and published by Oxford in 2 volumes in 17, listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the Continent. As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts. The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time, because of the fragility of media, wars, (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temples), and other intentional destructions. The important manuscripts are associated with Aaron ben Asher (especially Codex Leningradensis). The late manuscripts written after the 9th century use the Masoretic Text. (Some of the Biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic.) The oldest manuscripts were written in a form of scroll, the medieval manuscripts usually were written in a form of codex. Leningrad Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3Ī Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible ( Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language.
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